This Artwork Has Features Which Give It a Looser Expressive Feel Definition of Art

Fine art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature

The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and compages. Many artistic disciplines such equally performing arts, conceptual art, and textile arts also involve aspects of visual arts every bit well every bit arts of other types. Too included within the visual arts^[1] are the practical arts^[two] such as industrial pattern, graphic design, fashion pattern, interior design and decorative art.^[iii]

Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine art likewise as the applied or decorative arts and crafts, but this was not always the example. Before the Arts and crafts Motion in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'artist' had for some centuries oftentimes been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, craft, or applied Visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms.^[4] Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could non be considered a practitioner of the arts.

The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a bottom caste sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of Western art too as East Asian art. In both regions painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the creative person, and the furthest removed from manual labour – in Chinese painting the about highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by admirer amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected like attitudes.

Education and grooming [edit]

Training in the visual arts has by and large been through variations of the amateur and workshop systems. In Europe the Renaissance movement to increase the prestige of the creative person led to the academy system for grooming artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in arts train in art schools at 3rd levels. Visual arts have now go an elective subject field in most didactics systems.^{[5] [6]}

Drawing [edit]

Drawing is a means of making an epitome, illustration or graphic using whatever of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying force per unit area from a tool, or moving a tool beyond a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools, including pens, stylus, that simulate the effects of these are also used. The chief techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, shading, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in cartoon is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman.^[7]

Drawing and painting goes back tens of thousands of years. Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art first between nigh forty,000 to 35,000 years ago. Non-figurative cavern paintings consisting of hand stencils and unproblematic geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cave representations of animals are constitute in areas such as Lascaux, French republic and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung, Australia.

In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, oft depicting people, were used equally models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, afterwards developed to the human being course with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC.^[eight]

With paper condign common in Europe by the 15th century, drawing was adopted past masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated drawing as an art in its own correct rather than a preparatory phase for painting or sculpture.^[9]

Painting [edit]

Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a mucilage) to a surface (support) such equally paper, canvas or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense information technology means the use of this activity in combination with cartoon, limerick, or other artful considerations in society to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the human being body itself.^[10]

History [edit]

Origins and early history [edit]

Like cartoon, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of carmine, dark-brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Paintings of human being figures tin exist found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the neat temple of Ramses Two, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted beingness led by Isis.^[11] The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. Ane of the all-time remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another case is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.^[12]

The Renaissance [edit]

Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced past monks during the Middle Ages, the side by side significant contribution to European art was from Italia's renaissance painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the beginning of the 16th century, this was the richest period in Italian art every bit the chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of three-D space.^[13]

Painters in northern Europe too were influenced by the Italian schoolhouse. January van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from the Netherlands and Hans Holbein the Younger from Germany are among the nearly successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to attain depth and luminosity.

Dutch masters [edit]

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the great Dutch masters such as the versatile Rembrandt who was particularly remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Baroque [edit]

The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the late 16th century to the belatedly 17th century. Main artists of the Baroque included Caravaggio, who made heavy utilize of tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp and also painted a series for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was considering of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.^[fourteen]

Impressionism [edit]

Impressionism began in French republic in the 19th century with a loose clan of artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, often choosing to paint realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was accomplished through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense color vibration by using pure, unmixed colours and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art as a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of art. Attention to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artists eye.^{[15] [16]}

Post-impressionism [edit]

Towards the end of the 19th century, several young painters took impressionism a stage farther, using geometric forms and unnatural colour to describe emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular notation are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese fine art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the southward, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered for his bright paintings of nighttime life in the Paris commune of Montmartre.^[17]

Symbolism, expressionism and cubism [edit]

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic arroyo at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893), his nearly famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern homo. Partly as a outcome of Munch's influence, the German expressionist movement originated in Frg at the starting time of the 20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to misconstrue reality for an emotional effect.

In parallel, the style known as cubism developed in French republic as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures inside a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the motility. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. By the 1920s, the style had adult into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.^[18]

Printmaking [edit]

Aboriginal Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists

Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a matrix that is and so transferred to a 2-dimensional (apartment) surface by means of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the case of a monotype, the same matrix tin can be used to produce many examples of the print.

Historically, the major techniques (too chosen media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) but at that place are many others, including modern digital techniques. Normally, the print is printed on newspaper, just other mediums range from material and vellum to more modern materials.

European history [edit]

Prints in the Western tradition produced before nearly 1830 are known as erstwhile primary prints. In Europe, from around 1400 Advertizing woodcut, was used for master prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German woodcut from about 1475, and Erhard Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the starting time to apply cross-hatching. At the finish of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-leaf woodcut.^[19]

Chinese origin and practice [edit]

In People's republic of china, the art of printmaking developed some i,100 years ago as illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for printing on paper. Initially images were mainly religious but in the Song Dynasty, artists began to cut landscapes. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings.^{[20] [21]}

Development in Nihon 1603–1867 [edit]

Woodblock press in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; yet, it was also used very widely for press illustrated books in the same period. Woodblock press had been used in Cathay for centuries to print books, long earlier the advent of movable type, but was simply widely adopted in Japan during the Edo menstruum (1603–1867). Although like to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (equally opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a broad range of vivid color, glazes and color transparency.

Photography [edit]

Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure. The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemic processing or digitizing devices known as cameras.

The discussion comes from the Greek φως phos ("calorie-free"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation by means of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photo. The term photo is an abbreviation; many people also call them pictures. In digital photography, the term prototype has begun to replace photograph. (The term prototype is traditional in geometric optics.)

Compages [edit]

Compages is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of fine art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

The primeval surviving written work on the subject field of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. Co-ordinate to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the iii principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and please. An equivalent in modernistic English would be:

1. Durability – a building should stand upwards robustly and remain in good condition.
2. Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which information technology is used.
3. Beauty – it should exist aesthetically pleasing.

Building outset evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and cognition began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the proper name given to the nearly highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Filmmaking [edit]

Filmmaking is the process of making a motion-movie, from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music piece of work and finally distribution to an audition; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in motion-picture show, and poetic or experimental practices, and is often used to refer to video-based processes besides.

Computer art [edit]

Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional Visual arts media. Computers have been used as an e'er more mutual tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images and forms (including exploring multiple compositions) and the last rendering or press (including 3D printing). Computer art is any in which computers played a part in product or brandish. Such art tin be an paradigm, audio, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are at present integrating digital technologies and, as a result, the lines betwixt traditional works of art and new media works created using computers have been blurred. For example, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art past its end production can be difficult. Notwithstanding, this blazon of fine art is beginning to announced in art museum exhibits, though information technology has yet to prove its legitimacy every bit a course unto itself and this engineering is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool rather than a grade equally with painting. On the other hand, at that place are computer-based artworks which belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, assuming the same technologies, and their social touch, as an object of inquiry.

Calculator usage has blurred the distinctions between illustrators, photographers, photo editors, iii-D modelers, and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled prototype developers. Photographers may become digital artists. Illustrators may go animators. Handicraft may be computer-aided or utilize computer-generated imagery as a template. Calculator prune art usage has also made the clear distinction betwixt visual arts and folio layout less obvious due to the easy access and editing of prune art in the process of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled observer.

Plastic arts [edit]

Plastic arts is a term for fine art forms that involve concrete manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such every bit sculpture or ceramics. The term has also been practical to all the visual (non-literary, non-musical) arts.^{[22] [23]}

Materials that tin exist carved or shaped, such as stone or forest, concrete or steel, have also been included in the narrower definition, since, with advisable tools, such materials are also capable of modulation.^{[ citation needed ]} This apply of the term "plastic" in the arts should non be confused with Piet Mondrian's utilise, nor with the movement he termed, in French and English language, "Neoplasticism."

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created past shaping or combining hard or plastic cloth, sound, or text and or light, commonly stone (either stone or marble), dirt, metal, drinking glass, or woods. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or etching; others are assembled, built together and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Sculptures are often painted.^[24] A person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor.

Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can exist moulded or modulated, it is considered ane of the plastic arts. The bulk of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden. Sculptors do not always brand sculptures by manus. With increasing technology in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual fine art over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce information technology. This allows sculptors to create larger and more than complex sculptures out of textile like cement, metal and plastic, that they would non exist able to create by hand. Sculptures tin can as well be made with 3-d printing engineering.

US copyright definition of visual art [edit]

In the United States, the law protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual fine art".^[25]

A "work of visual fine art" is —
(i) a painting, cartoon, print or sculpture, existing in a single re-create, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the writer, or, in the example of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the author and bear the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or
(2) a nevertheless photographic prototype produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in a single copy that is signed past the author, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the writer.

A piece of work of visual art does non include —
(A)(i) any poster, map, globe, chart, technical drawing, diagram, model, applied art, motion picture or other audiovisual piece of work, volume, mag, newspaper, periodical, data base, electronic information service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
  (two) any merchandising item or advertising, promotional, descriptive, covering, or packaging material or container;
  (3) any portion or function of whatsoever item described in clause (i) or (ii);
(B) any work made for rent; or
(C) whatever work non subject to copyright protection nether this title.

Come across also [edit]

• Art materials
• Asemic writing
• Collage
• Crowdsourcing creative work
• Décollage
• Environmental art
• Found object
• Graffiti
• History of fine art
• Illustration
• Installation art
• Interactive art
• Mural art
• Mathematics and fine art
• Mixed media
• Portraiture
• Process art
• Recording medium
• Sketch (cartoon)
• Audio art
• Vexillography
• Video art
• Visual arts and Theosophy
• Visual harm in art
• Visual poetry

References [edit]

1. ^ An About.com article by art expert, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Art?
2. ^ Different Forms of Art – Applied Fine art. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
3. ^ "Middle for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 Oct 2011.
4. ^ Art History: Craft Movement: (1861–1900). From Earth Wide Arts Resources Archived 13 Oct 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
5. ^ Ulger, Kani (one March 2016). "The creative grooming in the visual arts education". Thinking Skills and Inventiveness. 19: 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007. ISSN 1871-1871.
6. ^ Adrone, Gumisiriza. "School of industrial art and design".
7. ^ "drawing | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
8. ^ History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
9. ^ "Drawing". History.com. 2006. Archived from the original on xiv March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
10. ^ "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
11. ^ History of Painting. From History Globe. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
12. ^ "Art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 Baronial 2020.
13. ^ History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Painting. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
14. ^ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Retrieved xv October 2018.
15. ^ "Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
16. ^ Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris. Retrieved 24 Oct 2009
17. ^ Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Fine art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
18. ^ Mod Fine art Movements. Irish Fine art Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
19. ^ The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 Oct 2009.
20. ^ Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
21. ^ The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista. Retrieved 25 Oct 2009.
22. ^ Art Terminology at KSU ^{[ dead link ]}
23. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
24. ^ Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Artifact 22 September 2007 Through 20 January 2008, The Arthur Grand. Sackler Museum Archived iv January 2009 at the Wayback Auto
25. ^ "Copyright Police force of the United States of America – Chapter 1 (101. Definitions)". .gov. Retrieved 30 Oct 2011.

Bibliography [edit]

• Barnes, A. C., The Art in Painting, 3rd ed., 1937, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., NY.
• Bukumirovic, D. (1998). Maga Magazinovic. Biblioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br. 4. Beograd: Narodna knj.
• Fazenda, M. J. (1997). Between the pictorial and the expression of ideas: the plastic arts and literature in the trip the light fantastic of Paula Massano. n.p.
• Gerón, C. (2000). Enciclopedia de las artes plásticas dominicanas: 1844–2000. 4th ed. Dominican Democracy south.n.
• Oliver Grau (Ed.): MediaArtHistories. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2007. with Rudolf Arnheim, Barbara Stafford, Sean Cubitt, W. J. T. Mitchell, Lev Manovich, Christiane Paul, Peter Weibel a.o. Rezensionen
• Laban, R. V. (1976). The linguistic communication of movement: a guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.
• La Farge, O. (1930). Plastic prayers: dances of the Southwestern Indians. due north.p.
• Restany, P. (1974). Plastics in arts. Paris, New York: north.p.
• University of Pennsylvania. (1969). Plastics and new art. Philadelphia: The Falcon Pr.

External links [edit]

• ArtLex – online dictionary of visual art terms.
• Agenda for Artists – calendar listing of visual art festivals.
• Art History Timeline by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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